mdn / content

четверг, 17 декабря 2020 г. в 00:23:20

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The content behind MDN Web Docs

Contributing to the content of MDN Web Docs

🎉 First of all, thanks for taking the time to contribute to MDN Web Docs! 🎉

The following is a set of guidelines for contributing to the content of MDN Web Docs, which is hosted within the MDN Organization on GitHub.

Code of Conduct

Everyone participating in this project is expected to follow our Code of Conduct.

License

When contributing to the content you agree to license your contributions according to our license.

Making contributions

A good place to learn about general guidelines for contributing to MDN Web Docs is the Guidelines document. For example, you can find out more about MDN's writing-style guidelines via the Writing style guide.

Setup

No matter how you wish to contribute, you'll need a GitHub account if you don't have one already. If you're not familiar with git and GitHub, you might find the MDN Git and GitHub document helpful.

There are several ways forward from this point. It's up to you. Here are some options:

Go to https://github.com/mdn/content and just use the GitHub UI. This is the easiest approach if you just want to make a simple change to a single file, like fixing a typo.
Install and use the GitHub Desktop
Install and use the GitHub CLI
Install git and use it from the command line. You might find these resources helpful:
- Using Git
- git cheatsheet

If you choose an option other than the GitHub UI, you want to install Node.js (version >=12) and yarn.

Fundamental content concepts

These are some important things to keep in mind about the MDN content.

Documents are folders -- Documents are always represented by a folder (e.g., files/en-us/web/javascript), and that folder will contain the content of that specific document as an index.html file (e.g., files/en-us/web/javascript/index.html).
Documents are hierarchical - A document folder may contain other folders, where those folders would represent child documents (e.g., files/en-us/web/javascript/closures/index.html).
Document folders may contain image files -- A document folder may also contain image files, which are referenced within that document's index.html file.
All redirects are specified in a single file -- All of the redirects are specified within files/en-us/_redirects.txt, one redirect per line. Each line specifies a from and to URI separated by whitespace. When you move a document, you'll need to add a redirect to this file specifying that its old URI now redirects to its new URI. If both an index.html file and a redirect exist for a document, the document takes precedence and the redirect is ignored.
A document's index.html starts with "front-matter" -- Each document's index.html file must begin with some YAML called front-matter that defines some important information about the document: title, slug, and tags (if any). Here's an example that shows the front-matter from the JavaScript landing page:
```
---
title: JavaScript
slug: Web/JavaScript
tags:
  - JavaScript
  - Landing
  - Landing page
  - Learn
  - 'l10n:priority'
---
```

Simple changes

If you just want to make a simple change to a single file, like fixing a typo, the GitHub UI is the simplest way to do that. For example, if you've found a typo within the JavaScript landing page, you can sign into GitHub, go to https://github.com/mdn/content, navigate to files/en-us/web/javascript/index.html, and then click on the edit (pencil) button. From there the GitHub UI will take your hand and walk you through the rest, like automatically creating a fork and branch to commit your changes to, as well as helping you reach the ultimate goal, a pull request. Your pull request represents the work you want to be reviewed, hopefully approved, and then merged into the main branch of this repository. See the pull-request etiquette section for more details on creating and handling pull requests successfully.

If you're not certain of the changes that you want to make, get in touch with us first! You can chat with us or file an issue.

More substantial changes

If you need to do some work that requires changes to more than one file, like moving one or more documents, the GitHub UI is not very efficient. You'd have to make a separate pull request for every page you want to change. Instead, you're going to have to use git or one of the other git-based approaches like the GitHub Desktop.

You'll want to create a fork of this repository, so you can freely experiment with branches and changes in your own copy before submitting your changes as a pull request. Let's assume your GitHub username is octocat. Your fork would be a copy of this repository but in your own account, so https://github.com/octocat/content.
Once you've created your fork on GitHub, you'll want to clone it locally. For example, assuming again that your GitHub username is octocat, you would do something like the following:
```
cd ~/repos
git clone git@github.com:octocat/content.git mdn/content
```
You'll also want to create a remote to the main repository (https://github.com/mdn/content), which you'll use to keep your local clone as well as your fork (https://github.com/octocat/content) up-to-date. For these examples, we'll name it mdn, but you can name it anything you'd like.
```
cd ~/repos/mdn/content
git remote add mdn git@github.com:mdn/content.git
git remote -v
```
When you run the git remote -v command above, you'll see that you have two remotes: mdn and origin. The origin remote is the default name that git has assigned to your fork (https://github.com/octocat/content).
Once you've created your local clone, there's no need to do that again next time you want to make a contribution. However, each time before you start a new chunk of work make sure you update your local clone. The following checks-out your local clone's main branch, fetches the latest content from the main branch of the mdn repository and merges it into your local main branch, and finally checks out a new branch called my-work (you can call it anything you'd like) for you to work within. When you're ready, you'll push your my-work branch to your fork and use it to make a pull request.
```
cd ~/repos/mdn/content
git checkout main
git pull mdn main
git checkout -b my-work
```
Next, you'll want to start the local preview service, so you can see the changes you'll make as they would look in production. Once started, this local preview service is available at http://localhost:5000 within your browser.
```
# Switch to a separate terminal.
cd ~/repos/mdn/content
yarn
yarn start
```
When you preview a page you can press a button to open its associated document's index.html file in your preferred editor. For this to work, you need to set an environment variable called EDITOR before starting the preview server. For example, if you prefer VS Code as your editor, you'll want to do something like this:
```
export EDITOR=code
yarn start
```
Note, this is how you do it on terminals with bash (macOS and Linux). You have to do it differently on Windows.

Now, when you're previewing a page and press the Edit in your editor button, it will open the same as running:
```
code files/en-us/.../index.html
```
Instead of having to type export EDITOR=code every time prior to yarn start, you can instead store this in your personal .env file. It might not exist so you might need to create one. For example:
```
echo 'EDITOR=code' >> .env
yarn start
```
Now, it should be set like that even after you've closed and started a new terminal window.
Make your desired changes to one or more index.html files using your preferred code editor. When thinking about your desired changes, it's important to keep the following in mind:
- Make sure you've read the MDN guidelines, including the Writing style guide.
- Large chunks of work can be difficult to review, so try to group your changes into the smallest logical chunks that make sense, and create a separate pull request for each logical chunk.
Once you've made and saved your changes, open a browser, and navigate to the page(s) you've changed. For example, if you changed files/en-us/web/javascript/index.html, open http://localhost:5000/en-us/docs/web/javascript in your browser.
You might have noticed that at the top of each page that you preview, for example the http://localhost:5000/en-us/docs/web/javascript page, there is a Show flaws button. Click on that button to see if your changes have introduced flaws on the page.
Once you're happy with your changes, add and commit them to your branch, and then push the branch to your fork. Remember, the default name that git assigned to the remote that represents your fork is origin.
```
cd ~/repos/mdn/content
git add .
git commit
git push -u origin my-work
```
You're now ready to create a pull request.
Once you've created your pull request, sit back, relax, and wait for a review. You do not need to request a review. One or more reviewers will be selected for you automatically. Your pull request will have to be reviewed and eventually approved before it's merged into the main branch, and then later (within 48 hours) published on MDN Web Docs. Along the way, you may be asked, not only to answer questions about your work, but to make changes as well. Don't worry, that's a common and natural part of the process. See the pull-request etiquette section for more details on creating and handling pull requests successfully.

Pull-request etiquette

Here are some important rules of etiquette to remember when working with pull-requests.

When you submit a pull request, a number of tests are automatically run as GitHub Actions (see .github/workflows/pr-build.yml, .github/workflows/pr-filecheck.yml, and .github/workflows/preview.yml). If one or more of these tests fail, it is your responsibility to try and resolve the underlying issue(s). If you don't know how to resolve the underlying issue(s), you can ask for help. Your pull request will not be approved and merged if these tests are failing.
If your pull request has merge conflicts with the main branch (GitHub checks for this automatically and notifies you), you are responsible to resolve them. You can do this by merging the main branch into your branch (git pull mdn main), and then pushing the updated branch to your fork (git push).
Once you've created your pull request, never use git rebase on your branch if you need to make changes. Any changes should be made as additional commits.
Each pull request should contain a single logical change, or related set of changes that make sense to submit together. If a pull request becomes too large or contains too many unrelated changes, it becomes too difficult to review, and may begin to look suspicious (it is easier to hide malicious changes in a large pull request). In such cases, the reviewer has the right to close your pull request, and ask that you submit a separate pull request for each logical set of changes that belong together.
If your pull request contains any kind of significant complexity (it contains technical changes, and isn't just a typo fix, grammatical improvement, or formatting/structural change), please describe why you're making the change and anything else we need to know about it. You can do this in your pull request's description, or reference an existing issue that describes the motivation for the change. You can reference an existing issue using # followed by the issue's ID, for example #1234.
Do not re-open a pull request that a reviewer has closed.

Adding a new document

Adding a new document is relatively straightforward, especially if you can start by copying the index.html of a similar document. There are only a few things to keep in mind:

Remember that a document is represented by an index.html file within its own folder.
Determine where in the document hierarchy your document belongs. For example, if you're creating a new CSS document for a new property foo, you'll want to create a new folder files/en-us/web/css/foo/ and its files/en-us/web/css/foo/index.html file.
Remember that a document's index.html file must start with front-matter that defines the title, slug, and tags (if any) for the document. You might find it helpful to refer to the front-matter within a similar document's index.html.

As we outlined above, the step-by-step process in general would be:

Start a fresh, up-to-date branch to work within:

cd ~/repos/mdn/content
git checkout main
git pull mdn main
# Run "yarn" again just to ensure you've
# installed the latest Yari dependency.
yarn
git checkout -b my-add

Create one or more new document folders, each with their own index.html file.
Add and commit your new files, as well as push your new branch to your fork:
```
git add files/en-us/folder/you/created
git commit
git push -u origin my-add
```
And finally create your pull request.

Moving one or more documents

Moving one or more documents, or an entire tree of documents is easy, because we've created a special command that takes care of the details for you:

yarn content move <from-slug> <to-slug> [locale]

You just have to specify the slug of the existing document that you'd like to move (e.g., Learn/Accessibility), as well as the slug of its new location (e.g., Learn/A11y), optionally followed by the locale of the existing document (defaults to en-US). If the existing document that you'd like to move has child documents (i.e. it represents a document tree), the yarn content move command will move the entire tree. For example, let's say you want to move the entire /en-US/Learn/Accessibility tree to /en-US/Learn/A11y:

First, as we've outlined above, you'll start a fresh branch to work within:

cd ~/repos/mdn/content
git checkout main
git pull mdn main
# Run "yarn" again just to ensure you've
# installed the latest Yari dependency.
yarn
git checkout -b my-move

Perform the move (which will delete and modify existing files, as well as create new files):
```
yarn content move Learn/Accessibility Learn/A11y
```
Add and commit all of the deleted, created, and modified files, as well as push your branch to your fork:
```
git commit -a
git push -u origin my-move
```
Now you're ready to create your pull request.

Deleting a document

Deleting one or more documents, or an entire tree of documents is also easy, again because we've created a special command that takes care of the details for you:

yarn content delete <document-slug> [locale]

You just have to specify the slug of the existing document that you'd like to delete (e.g., Learn/Accessibility), optionally followed by the locale of the existing document (defaults to en-US). If the existing document that you'd like to delete has child documents (i.e. it represents a document tree), you must also specify the -r, --recursive option, or the command will fail. For example, let's say you want to delete the entire /en-US/Learn/Accessibility tree:

First, as we've outlined above, you'll start a fresh branch to work within:

cd ~/repos/mdn/content
git checkout main
git pull mdn main
# Run "yarn" again just to ensure you've
# installed the latest Yari dependency.
yarn
git checkout -b my-delete

Perform the delete:

yarn content delete Learn/Accessibility --recursive

Add and commit all of the deleted files, as well as push your branch to your fork:
```
git commit -a
git push -u origin my-delete
```
Now you're ready to create your pull request.

Adding images

Adding an image to a document is easy as well. All you need to do is add your image file within the document's folder, and then simply reference the image from within the document's index.html file using an <img> element. It's as easy as that. Let's walk through an example:

You should be getting used to this by now, as we've done it several times above. Make sure you start with a fresh working branch updated with the latest content from the main branch of the mdn remote.
```
cd ~/repos/mdn/content
git checkout main
git pull mdn main
# Run "yarn" again just to ensure you've
# installed the latest Yari dependency.
yarn
git checkout -b my-images
```
Add your image to the document folder. For this example, let's assume we're adding a new image to the files/en-us/web/css document.
```
cd ~/repos/mdn/content
cp /some/path/my-cool-image.png files/en-us/web/css/
```
Run our filecheck command on each image you add. It'll complain if something's wrong. We'll automatically run this as one of the tests we run when your new pull request is created, but why wait to fix any possible issues later?
```
yarn filecheck files/en-us/web/css/my-cool-image.png
```
Use your image within the document. For example, add the following <img> element somehwere inside files/en-us/web/css/index.html:
```
<img src="my-cool-image.png" alt="My cool image">
```

Add and commit all of the deleted, created, and modified files, as well as push your branch to your fork:

git add files/en-us/web/css/my-cool-image.png files/en-us/web/css/index.html
git commit
git push -u origin my-images

Now you're ready to create your pull request.

Updating a browser compatibility table

The browser compatibiliity table shown near the bottom of many of the MDN document pages, for example on the JavaScript Array page, is generated from the npm package created from the https://github.com/mdn/browser-compat-data repository. If you'd like to make or suggest a change to the content of the browser-compatibility table on any given MDN document page, you can either use the Report problems with this data on GitHub link in the upper-right corner of the table on the page itself to create an issue, or simply go to https://github.com/mdn/browser-compat-data and read more to learn how to contribute.

Adding code examples

There are a lot of code examples on MDN, and you'll probably want to add some as you contribute content to the project. There are four types of code example used on MDN:

Static examples — plain code blocks, possibly with a screenshot to statically show the result of such code if it were to be run.
Traditional MDN "live samples" — A macro that takes plain code blocks, dynamically puts them into a document inside an <iframe> element, and embeds it into the page to show the code running live.
GitHub "live samples" — A macro that takes a document in a GitHub repo inside the mdn organization, puts it inside an <iframe> element, and embeds it into the page to show the code running live.
Interactive examples — Our system for creating live interactive examples that show the code running live but also allow you to change code on the fly to see what the effect is.

For a complete description of this topic, see the MDN code examples page.

Also make sure that your code examples follow the MDN code example guidelines.