https://github.com/ionescu007/SimpleVisor

C
SimpleVisor is a simple, Intel x64 Windows-specific hypervisor with two specific goals: using the least amount of assembly code (10 lines), and having the smallest amount of VMX-related code to support dynamic hyperjacking and unhyperjacking (that is, virtualizing the host state from within the host).

SimpleVisor

SimpleVisor is a simple, Intel x64 Windows-specific hypervisor with two specific goals: using the least amount of assembly code (10 lines), and having the smallest amount of VMX-related code to support dynamic hyperjacking and unhyperjacking (that is, virtualizing the host state from within the host).

Introduction

Have you always been curious on how to build a hypervisor? Has Intel's documentation (the many hundreds of pages) gotten you down? Have the samples you've found online just made things more confusing, or required weeks of reading through dozens of thousands of lines and code? If so, SimpleVisor might be the project for you.

Not counting the exhaustive comments which explain every single line of code, and specific Windows-related or Intel-related idiosyncrasies, SimpleVisor clocks in at about 500 lines of C code, and 10 lines of x64 assembly code, all while containing the ability to run on every recent version of 64-bit Windows, and supporting dynamic load/unload at runtime.

SimpleVisor can be built with any recent copy of Visual Studio 2015, and while older compilers have not been tested and are not supported, it's likely that they can build the project as well. It's important, however, to keep the various compiler and linker settings as you see them, however.

SimpleVisor has currently been tested on the following platforms successfully:

• Windows 8.1 on a Haswell Processor (Custom Desktop)
• Windows 10 Redstone 1 on a Sandy Bridge Processor (Samsung 930 Laptop)
• Windows 10 Threshold 2 on a Skylake Processor (Surface Pro 4 Tablet)
• Windows 10 Threshold 2 on a Skylake Processor (Dell Inspiron 11-3153 w/ SGX)

At this time, it has not been tested on any Virtual Machine, but barring any bugs in the implementations of either Bochs or VMWare, there's no reason why SimpleVisor could not run in those environments as well. However, if your machine is already running under a hypervisor such as Hyper-V or Xen, SimpleVisor will not load.

Keep in mind that x86 versions of Windows are expressly not supported, nor are processors earlier than the Nehalem microarchitecture.

Motivation

Too many hypervisor projects out there are either extremely complicated (Xen, KVM, VirtualBox) and/or closed-source (VMware, Hyper-V), as well as heavily focused toward Linux-based development or system. Additionally, most (other than Hyper-V) of them are expressly built for the purpose of enabling the execution of virtual machines, and not the virtualization of a live, running system, in order to perform introspection or other security-related tasks on it.

A few projects do stand out from the fold however, such as the original Blue Pill from Johanna, or projects such as VirtDbg and HyperDbg. Unfortunately, most of these have become quite old by now, and some only function on x86 processors, and don't support newer operating systems such as Windows 10. Another rather simple example, similar to Blue Pill in some aspects, but actually delivering a good example of EPT use for "Split-TLB" is MoRE from Jacob Torrey/AIS.

The closest project that actually delivers a Windows-centric, modern, and supported hypervisor is HyperPlatform, and we strongly recommend its use as a starting place for more broadly usable research-type hypervisor development. However, in attempting to create a generic "platform" that is more broadly robust, HyperPlatform also suffers from a bit of bloat, making it harder to understand what truly are the basic needs of a hypervisor, and how to initialize one. In a similar vein, and showing an equal love for STL/C++, but also including an ELF loader and UEFI/Linux support alongside unit tests and even more robustness is Bareflank, also from AIS. Beyond that, you're probably getting into Xen-level complexity.

The express goal of this project, as stated above, was to minimize code in any way possible, without causing negative side-effects, and focusing on the 'bare-metal' needs. This includes:

• Minimizing use of assembly code. If it weren't for the lack of an __lgdt intrinsic, and a workaround for the behavior of a Windows API, only the first 4 instructions of the hypervisor's entry point would require assembly. As it stands, the project has a total of 10 instructions, spread throughout 3 functions. This is a massive departure from other hypervisor projects, which often have multiple hundreds of line of assembly code. A variety of Windows-specific and compiler-specific tricks are used to achieve this, which will be described in the source code.
• Reducing checks for errors which are unlikely to happen. Given a properly configured, and trusted, set of input data, instructions such as vmx_vmwrite and vmx_vmread should never fail, for example.
• Removing support for x86, which complicates matters and causes special handling around 64-bit fields.
• Expressly reducing all possible VM-Exits to only the Intel architecturally defined minimum (CPUID, INVD, VMX Instructions, and XSETBV). This is purposefully done to keep the hypervisor as small as possible, as well as the initialization code.
• No support for VMCALL. Many hypervisors use VMCALL as a way to exit the hypervisor, which requires assembly programming (there is no intrinsic) and additional exit handling. SimpleVisor uses a CPUID trap instead.
• Relying on little-known Windows functions to simplify development of the hypervisor, such as Generic DPCs and hibernation contexts.

Another implied goal was to support the very latest in hardware features, as even Bochs doesn't always have the very-latest Intel VMX instructions and/or definitions. These are often found in header files such as "vmcs.h" and "vmx.h" that various projects have at various levels of definition. For example, Xen master has some unreleased VM Exit reasons, but not certain released ones, which Bochs does have, albeit it doesn't have the unreleased ones!

Finally, SimpleVisor is meant to be an educational tool -- it has exhaustive comments explaining all logic behind each line of code, and specific Windows or Intel VMX tips and tricks that allow it to achieve its desired outcome. Various bugs or poorly documented behaviors are called out explicitly.

Installation

Because x64 Windows requires all drivers to be signed, you must testsign the SimpleVisor binary. The Visual Studio project file can be setup to do so by using the "Driver Signing" options and enabling "Test Sign" with your own certificate. From the UI, you can also generate your own.

Secondly, you must enable Test Signing Mode on your machine. To do so, first boot into UEFI to turn off "Secure Boot", otherwise Test Signing mode cannot be enabled. Alternatively, if you possess a valid KMCS certificate, you may "Production Sign" the driver to avoid this requirement.

To setup Test Signing Mode, you can use the following command:

bcdedit /set testsigning on

After a reboot, you can then setup the required Service Control Manager entries for SimpleVisor in the registry with the following command:

sc create simplevisor type= kernel binPath= "<PATH_TO_SIMPLEVISOR.SYS>"

You can then launch SimpleVisor with

net start simplevisor

And stop it with

net stop simplevisor

You must have administrative rights for usage of any of these commands.

References

https://github.com/upring/virtdbg

http://xenbits.xen.org/gitweb/?p=xen.git;a=summary

https://github.com/svn2github/bochs

https://github.com/rmusser01/hyperdbg

http://invisiblethingslab.com/resources/bh07/nbp-0.32-public.zip

https://github.com/tandasat/HyperPlatform

https://github.com/ainfosec/MoRE

https://github.com/Bareflank/hypervisor

Caveats

SimpleVisor is designed to minimize code size and complexity -- this does come at a cost of robustness. For example, even though many VMX operations performed by SimpleVisor "should" never fail, there are always unknown reasons, such as memory corruption, CPU errata, invalid host OS state, and potential bugs, which can cause certain operations to fail. For truly robust, commercial-grade software, these possibilities must be taken into account, and error handling, exception handling, and checks must be added to support them. Additionally, the vast array of BIOSes out there, and different CPU and chipset iterations, can each have specific incompatibilities or workarounds that must be checked for. SimpleVisor does not do any such error checking, validation, and exception handling. It is not robust software designed for production use, but rather a reference code base.

License

Copyright 2016 Alex Ionescu. All rights reserved. 

Redistribution and use in source and binary forms, with or without modification, are permitted provided
that the following conditions are met: 
1. Redistributions of source code must retain the above copyright notice, this list of conditions and
   the following disclaimer. 
2. Redistributions in binary form must reproduce the above copyright notice, this list of conditions
   and the following disclaimer in the documentation and/or other materials provided with the 
   distribution. 

THIS SOFTWARE IS PROVIDED BY ALEX IONESCU ``AS IS'' AND ANY EXPRESS OR IMPLIED
WARRANTIES, INCLUDING, BUT NOT LIMITED TO, THE IMPLIED WARRANTIES OF MERCHANTABILITY AND
FITNESS FOR A PARTICULAR PURPOSE ARE DISCLAIMED. IN NO EVENT SHALL ALEX IONESCU
OR CONTRIBUTORS BE LIABLE FOR ANY DIRECT, INDIRECT, INCIDENTAL, SPECIAL, EXEMPLARY, OR
CONSEQUENTIAL DAMAGES (INCLUDING, BUT NOT LIMITED TO, PROCUREMENT OF SUBSTITUTE GOODS
OR SERVICES; LOSS OF USE, DATA, OR PROFITS; OR BUSINESS INTERRUPTION) HOWEVER CAUSED
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NEGLIGENCE OR OTHERWISE) ARISING IN ANY WAY OUT OF THE USE OF THIS SOFTWARE, EVEN IF
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The views and conclusions contained in the software and documentation are those of the authors and
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