Python
automated algorithm translation for Python, C++, JS, Go, C#, Ruby

pseudo

Pseudo takes an algorithm / a simple program and generates idiomatic code for it in Python, JavaScript, C#, Go and Ruby.

Pseudo achieves that with translation on two layers: it uses the target language syntax and it can express standard library methods/api of language X using language Y's native standard library

Pseudo consumes "Pseudo AST" which corresponds to a very clear, statically typed and somehow limited subset of a language:

• basic types and collections and standard library methods for them

• integer, float, string, boolean

• lists
• dicts
• sets
• tuples/structs(fixed length heterogeneous lists)
• fixed size arrays

• regular expressions

• functions with normal parameters (no default/keyword/vararg parameters)

• classes

  • single inheritance
  • polymorphism
  • no dynamic instance variables
  • basically a constructor + a collection of instance methods, no fancy metaprogramming etc supported

• exception-based error handling with support for custom exceptions (target languages support return-based error handling too)

• I/O: print/input, file read/write, command arg handling, system and subprocess commands

• iteration (for-in-range / for-each / iterating over several collections / while)

• conditionals (if / else if / else)

• standard math/logical operations

• a lot more in future

standard library reference

Those constructs and entities have almost the same behavior and very same-spirited api in a lot of the languages which Pseudo would support.

examples

Each example contains a detailed README and working translations to Python, JS, Ruby, Go and C#, generated by Pseudo

fibonacci

a football results processing command line tool

a verbal expressions-like library ported to all the target languages

architecture

PSEUDO AST:
   NORMAL CODE     PSEUDO STANDARD LIBRARY INVOCATIONS     
      ||                    ||
      ||                    ||
      ||              API TRANSLATOR
      ||                    ||
      ||                    ||
      ||                    \/
      ||              IDIOMATIC TARGET LANGUAGE 
      ||              STANDARD LIBRARY INVOCATIONS        
      ||                    ||     
      \/                    \/
  STANDARD OR LANGUAGE-SPECIFIC MIDDLEWARES
              e.g.
    name camel_case/snake_case middleware
    convert-tuples-to-classes middleware
    convert-exception-based errors handling
    to return-based error handling middleware
              etc

              ||
              ||
              ||
              ||
  TARGET LANGUAGE CODE GENERATOR

      defined with a dsl aware
      that handles formatting
         automatically
              ||
              ||
              ||
              \/

      Python / C# / Go / JS / Ruby

use cases

• generate code for the same task/algorithm in different languages (parser generators etc)
• port a library/codebase
• develop core logic in one language and use it in other language codebases
• write a compiler/dsl
• bootstrap a codebase in another language / generate equivalent test suites in different languages
• translate/support some algorithms in different languages
• translate/support some text/data processing/command tool in different languages

installation

pip install pseudo #only python 3 supported

# probably you'd like to try the python-to-pseudo-to-js/go/etc compiler
pip install pseudo-python

• usage
• why?
• language support
• compilers targetting pseudo
• implementation
• roadmap
• target language specific docs
• Pseudo and Haxe?
• the name?

usage

you can directly generate pseudo ast from Python using Pseudo-Python

pseudo-python a.py # generates a.pseudo.yaml

and then translate the ast

pseudo a.pseudo.yaml go # or ruby / js / csharp / py / cpp

or you can directly translate from python to another language

pseudo-python a.py b.rb # or c.cs

pseudo.generate(pseudo_ast, language)

For quick experiments it's easier to use generate_main

from pseudo import * # ok for a repl

print(generate_main([
  assignment(
    local('a', 'Int'),
    call(local('g'), [to_node(0), to_node('')], 'Int'))], 'rb'))

a = g(0, '')

In the future Pseudo can add a lisp-like dsl for fast manual creation of ast nodes, but currently it's more useful for its main goal: consuming automatically generated pseudo ast and then transpiling it to the target languages.

why?

Supporting full-blown Ruby to Python/Javascript to C++ auto translation is hard.

However often we need to just express an algorithm, a self-contained core of a library, a simple command line tool and the act of manual porting to another languages feels somehow .. primitive.

Often that code is(or can be) expressed in very similar way, with similar constructs and basic types and data structures. On that level a lot of languages are very similar and the only real difference is syntax and methods api. That's a feasible task for automatic translation and actually the existance of pseudo is to fullfill the needs of several other existing projects/ideas.

Another powerful thing about Pseudo is its standard library. It can accumulate a serious number of methods/idioms and it can act like e.g. a truly cross-platform, target-language-aware equivalent of lodash

Pseudo is still young (it's basically less than two weeks old), but it already has a base on which it can improve really quickly (adding support for another language is basically just a matter of 3-4 hours currently)

Language support

Using pseudo's DSL it's easy to add support for a new language, so it's feasible to expect support for most popular languages and even different versions of them (e.g. EcmaScript 6/7, Perl 5/6 Java 7 / 8)

Compilers targetting pseudo

Currently pseudo-python is usable, and there are plans for pseudo-ruby or pseudo-js

Intermediate AST format

The AST format uses basic data structures available in most languages. The nodes correspond to dictionaries with type key corresponding to the node type and field_name keys corresponding to the node fields, similar to the widely popular estree ecmascript format.

Pseudo can consume ast either serialized in .pseudo.yaml files or directly as dictionary objects through it's pseudo.generate(ast, output_lang) API

Implementation

The implementation goal is to make the definitions of new supported languages really clear and simple.

If you dive in, you'll find out a lot of the code/api transformations are defined using a declarative dsl with rare ocassions of edge case handling helpers.

That has a lot of advantages:

• Less bugs: the core transformation code is really generalized, it's reused as a dsl and its results are well tested

• Easy to comprehend: it almost looks like a config file

• Easy to add support for other languages: I was planning to support just python and c# in the initial version but it is so easy to add support for a language similar to the current supported ones, that I added support for 4 more.

• Easy to test: there is a simple test dsl too which helps all language tests to share input examples like that

However language translation is related to a lot of details and a lot of little gotchas, tuning and refining some of them took days. Pseudo uses different abstractions to streamline the process and to reuse logic across languages.

PSEUDO AST:
   NORMAL CODE     PSEUDO STANDARD LIBRARY INVOCATIONS     
      ||                    ||
      ||                    ||
      ||              API TRANSLATOR
      ||                    ||
      ||                    ||
      ||                    \/
      ||              IDIOMATIC TARGET LANGUAGE 
      ||              STANDARD LIBRARY INVOCATIONS        
      ||                    ||     
      \/                    \/
  STANDARD OR LANGUAGE-SPECIFIC MIDDLEWARES
              e.g.
    name camel_case/snake_case middleware
    convert-tuples-to-classes middleware
    convert-exception-based errors handling
    to return-based error handling middleware
              etc

              ||
              ||
              ||
              ||
  TARGET LANGUAGE CODE GENERATOR

      defined with a dsl aware
      that handles formatting
         automatically
              ||
              ||
              ||
              \/

            OUTPUT

Roadmap

v0.3/v0.4:

• Stabilize standard library and ast spec
• Support some async/await-based code
• Support the concept of multiple files, folder/library structure and generate idiomatic gem/npm package/go/c# folder structures
• Add more methods and functions to the standard library
• Eventually work on the next pseudo- compiler after pseudo-python

add support for a random sample of:

• java

• perl

• swift ?

• c ?

• lua?

• elixir?
• clojure ?
• typescript ?

Target language specific docs

• python
• c#
• go
• ruby
• javascript
• c++

Pseudo and Haxe

They might seem comparable at a first glance, but they have completely different goals.

Pseudo wants to generate readable code, ideally something that looks like a human wrote it/ported it

Pseudo doesn't use a target language runtime, it uses the target language standard library for everything (except for JS, but even there is uses lodash which is pretty popular and standard)

Pseudo's goal is to help with automated translation for cases like algorithm generation, parser generation, refactoring, porting codebases etc. The fact that you can write compilers targetting Pseudo and receiver translation to many languages for free is just a happy accident

The name?

well.

pseudo(code)

License

Copyright © 2015 2016 Alexander Ivanov

Distributed under the MIT License.