Panorama FM, or how to see all FM stations using SDR
- четверг, 18 июня 2020 г. в 00:12:34
https://habr.com/en/post/507012/
Hello everyone.
Probably everyone, who is at least a bit interested in radio and communications, knows that using an SDR receiver it is possible to receive and process simultaneously a wide band of the radio spectrum. Displaying the waterfall in such programs as HDSDR or SDR# is not surprising. I will show how to build a pseudo-3D spectrum of the FM frequency band using RTL-SDR, GNU Radio, and about 100 lines of Python code.
We will also take the better receiver and will look at the entire FM band 88-108MHz.
Technically, the task is quite simple. The SDR receiver digitizes the incoming radio signal using a reasonably fast ADC. At the output, we get a broadband IQ signal in the form of an array of numbers coming from the ADC with a bandwidth corresponding to the ADC sample rate. The ADC frequency determines the maximum bandwidth, that can be processed by a receiver. It is the same process as in a PC sound card, we only have not 22.050, but 2.000.000 or even 10.000.000 samples per second. To display the radio spectrum on the screen, we must perform the Fast Fourier Transform on the data array, it converts the data from the so-called «time domain» to the «frequency domain». Then we show the data on the screen, and the problem solved. We will also try to use the minimum of code, so GNU Radio can help us with data processing.
For tests, we first need an RTL-SDR receiver, the price of which is about $35. It allows us to receive radio signals in the 70..1700 MHz frequency range using a bandwidth of up to 2 MHz:
If anyone wants to do the tests using RTL-SDR, it's recommended to get the receiver like on the photo. There are cheaper clones available, but they are of worse quality.
Well, let's get started.
First, we need to get and process data from the receiver. The GNU Radio connection graph is shown in the figure:
As we can see, we get data from the receiver, convert the continuous datastream into a set of “vectors” of 1024 values size, perform FFT on these vectors, convert values from complex to real, and finally send data via UDP. Of course, all this could be done in a pure Python using SoapySDR and numpy libraries, but the amount of code would be somewhat larger.
The QT GUI Frequency Sink block is needed only for «debugging», using this block, we can make sure that the radio stations are visible and, if necessary, adjust the receiver gain. While the application is running, the picture should look something like this:
If everything works, the Frequency Sink block can be disabled, also in the project settings, we can optionally specify «No GUI» mode, and not waste UI resources. In principle, this program can be running as a service without any UI.
Since we transmit data via UDP, we can receive it with any client, and even on another PC. We will use Python, it is quite enough for the prototype.
First let's get the UDP data:
Because we work with graphics, it is convenient to use the pygame library. Drawing a 3D spectrum is simple, we store the data in an array, and draw lines from top to bottom, from older to newer.
We can also display the frequencies and station names on the screen. The Fourier Transform algorithm gives an output of 1024 points corresponding to the bandwidth of the receiver. We know the center frequency, so calculating a pixel position can be done using an elementary school formula.
Actually that's it, we can run both programs at the same time, and on the screen we get a panorama showing the currently working FM stations in real-time:
It is easy to see that different stations have varying signal levels and to even to distinguish mono and stereo broadcasting.
Well, now I will show the promised panorama of the entire FM band. To do this, we have to put the RTL-SDR aside and use a better radio. For example, like this:
I use a professional grade Ettus Research SDR, but from the code perspective, everything is the same, it's just needed to change one block to another in GNU Radio. And so it looks on the spectrum with a reception bandwidth of 24 MHz:
It is interesting to see how different signal levels different radio stations have.
Of course, it is possible to receive not only FM stations but also any others within the operating frequencies of the SDR. For example, this is how the airband looks like:
We can see some permanently operating frequencies (probably the ATIS weather service) and intermittent radio communications between ground and pilots. And this is how the GSM-band spectrum looks like (the GSM-signal is wider than 24 MHz and does not fit completely):
As we can see, the study of radio spectrum is quite entertaining, especially in 3D. Of course, there was no purpose here of making «another spectrum analyzer», this is just a prototype made for fun. Alas, rendering is slow, Python is not the best choice for displaying several thousand primitives on screen. The line colouring algorithm also can be improved.
For those who want to experiment on their own, the source code is attached:
As usual, I wish all the readers successful experiments.
- Python
- Programming
- Gadgets
- Popular science
- DIY
Hello everyone.
Probably everyone, who is at least a bit interested in radio and communications, knows that using an SDR receiver it is possible to receive and process simultaneously a wide band of the radio spectrum. Displaying the waterfall in such programs as HDSDR or SDR# is not surprising. I will show how to build a pseudo-3D spectrum of the FM frequency band using RTL-SDR, GNU Radio, and about 100 lines of Python code.
We will also take the better receiver and will look at the entire FM band 88-108MHz.
Technically, the task is quite simple. The SDR receiver digitizes the incoming radio signal using a reasonably fast ADC. At the output, we get a broadband IQ signal in the form of an array of numbers coming from the ADC with a bandwidth corresponding to the ADC sample rate. The ADC frequency determines the maximum bandwidth, that can be processed by a receiver. It is the same process as in a PC sound card, we only have not 22.050, but 2.000.000 or even 10.000.000 samples per second. To display the radio spectrum on the screen, we must perform the Fast Fourier Transform on the data array, it converts the data from the so-called «time domain» to the «frequency domain». Then we show the data on the screen, and the problem solved. We will also try to use the minimum of code, so GNU Radio can help us with data processing.
For tests, we first need an RTL-SDR receiver, the price of which is about $35. It allows us to receive radio signals in the 70..1700 MHz frequency range using a bandwidth of up to 2 MHz:
If anyone wants to do the tests using RTL-SDR, it's recommended to get the receiver like on the photo. There are cheaper clones available, but they are of worse quality.
Well, let's get started.
GNU Radio Processing
First, we need to get and process data from the receiver. The GNU Radio connection graph is shown in the figure:
As we can see, we get data from the receiver, convert the continuous datastream into a set of “vectors” of 1024 values size, perform FFT on these vectors, convert values from complex to real, and finally send data via UDP. Of course, all this could be done in a pure Python using SoapySDR and numpy libraries, but the amount of code would be somewhat larger.
The QT GUI Frequency Sink block is needed only for «debugging», using this block, we can make sure that the radio stations are visible and, if necessary, adjust the receiver gain. While the application is running, the picture should look something like this:
If everything works, the Frequency Sink block can be disabled, also in the project settings, we can optionally specify «No GUI» mode, and not waste UI resources. In principle, this program can be running as a service without any UI.
Rendering
Since we transmit data via UDP, we can receive it with any client, and even on another PC. We will use Python, it is quite enough for the prototype.
First let's get the UDP data:
fft_size = 1024
udp_data = None
UDP_IP = "127.0.0.1"
UDP_PORT = 40868
sock = socket.socket(socket.AF_INET, socket.SOCK_DGRAM) # UDP
sock.setsockopt(socket.SOL_SOCKET, socket.SO_REUSEADDR, 1)
sock.bind((UDP_IP, UDP_PORT))
sock.settimeout(0.5)
try:
data, addr = sock.recvfrom(fft_size * 4)
if len(data) == 4096:
udp_data = np.frombuffer(data, dtype=np.float32)
return True
except socket.timeout:
passBecause we work with graphics, it is convenient to use the pygame library. Drawing a 3D spectrum is simple, we store the data in an array, and draw lines from top to bottom, from older to newer.
fft_size = 1024
depth = 255
fft_data = np.zeros([depth, fft_size])
def draw_image(screen, font):
x_left, x_right, y_bottom = 0, img_size[0], img_size[1] - 5
# Draw spectrum in pseudo-3d
for d in reversed(range(depth)):
for x in range(fft_size - 1):
d_x1, d_x2, d_y1, d_y2 = x + d, x + d + 1, y_bottom - int(y_ampl*fft_data[d][x]) - y_shift - d, y_bottom - int(y_ampl*fft_data[d][x+1]) - y_shift - d
if d_y1 > y_bottom - 34: d_y1 = y_bottom - 34
if d_y2 > y_bottom - 34: d_y2 = y_bottom - 34
dim = 1 - 0.8*(d/depth)
color = int(dim*data_2_color(fft_data[d][x]))
pygame.draw.line(screen, (color//2,color,0) if d > 0 else (0, 250, 0), (d_x1, d_y1), (d_x2, d_y2), (2 if d == 0 else 1))We can also display the frequencies and station names on the screen. The Fourier Transform algorithm gives an output of 1024 points corresponding to the bandwidth of the receiver. We know the center frequency, so calculating a pixel position can be done using an elementary school formula.
stations = [("101.8", 101.8), ("102.1", 102.1), ("102.4", 102.4), ... ]
for st_name, freq in stations:
x_pos = fft_size*(freq - center_freq)*1000000//sample_rate
textsurface = font.render(st_name, False, (255, 255, 0))
screen.blit(textsurface, (img_size[0]//2 + x_pos - textsurface.get_width()//2, y_bottom - 22))Actually that's it, we can run both programs at the same time, and on the screen we get a panorama showing the currently working FM stations in real-time:
It is easy to see that different stations have varying signal levels and to even to distinguish mono and stereo broadcasting.
Well, now I will show the promised panorama of the entire FM band. To do this, we have to put the RTL-SDR aside and use a better radio. For example, like this:
I use a professional grade Ettus Research SDR, but from the code perspective, everything is the same, it's just needed to change one block to another in GNU Radio. And so it looks on the spectrum with a reception bandwidth of 24 MHz:
It is interesting to see how different signal levels different radio stations have.
Of course, it is possible to receive not only FM stations but also any others within the operating frequencies of the SDR. For example, this is how the airband looks like:
We can see some permanently operating frequencies (probably the ATIS weather service) and intermittent radio communications between ground and pilots. And this is how the GSM-band spectrum looks like (the GSM-signal is wider than 24 MHz and does not fit completely):
Conclusion
As we can see, the study of radio spectrum is quite entertaining, especially in 3D. Of course, there was no purpose here of making «another spectrum analyzer», this is just a prototype made for fun. Alas, rendering is slow, Python is not the best choice for displaying several thousand primitives on screen. The line colouring algorithm also can be improved.
For those who want to experiment on their own, the source code is attached:
sdr_render.py
import numpy as np
from matplotlib import pyplot as plt
from PIL import Image, ImageDraw
import sys
import pygame
from pygame.locals import *
from threading import Thread
import io
import cv2
import time
import socket
# FFT
receiver_name = "RTL-SDR"
center_freq = 102.5
sample_rate = 1800000
stations = [("101.8", 101.8), ("102.1", 102.1), ("102.4", 102.4), ("102.7", 102.7), ("103.0", 103.0), ("103.2", 103.2)]
# Load data from UDP
UDP_IP = "127.0.0.1"
UDP_PORT = 40868
udp_data = None
sock = None
# Panorama history
fft_size = 1024
depth = 255
fft_data = np.zeros([depth, fft_size])
# Canvas and draw
img_size = (fft_size, fft_size*9//16)
y_ampl = 90
color_ampl = 70
y_shift = 250
def udp_prepare():
global sock
sock = socket.socket(socket.AF_INET, socket.SOCK_DGRAM) # UDP
sock.setsockopt(socket.SOL_SOCKET, socket.SO_REUSEADDR, 1)
sock.bind((UDP_IP, UDP_PORT))
sock.settimeout(0.5)
def udp_getdata():
global sock, udp_data
try:
data, addr = sock.recvfrom(fft_size * 4)
if len(data) == 4096:
udp_data = np.frombuffer(data, dtype=np.float32)
return True
except socket.timeout:
pass
return False
def clear_data():
for y in range(depth):
fft_data[y, :] = np.full((fft_size,), -1024)
def add_new_line():
global udp_data, fft_data
# Shift old data up
for y in reversed(range(depth - 1)):
fft_data[y + 1, :] = fft_data[y, :]
# Put new data at the bottom line
if udp_data is not None:
fft_data[0, :] = udp_data
def data_2_color(data):
c = -data + 2 # TODO: detect noise floor of the spectrum
color = 150 - int(color_ampl * c)
if color < 20:
color = 20
if color > 150:
color = 150
return color
def draw_image(screen, font):
x_left, x_right, y_bottom = 0, img_size[0], img_size[1] - 5
# Draw spectrum in pseudo-3d
for d in reversed(range(depth)):
for x in range(fft_size - 1):
d_x1, d_x2, d_y1, d_y2 = x + d, x + d + 1, y_bottom - int(y_ampl*fft_data[d][x]) - y_shift - d, y_bottom - int(y_ampl*fft_data[d][x+1]) - y_shift - d
if d_y1 > y_bottom - 34: d_y1 = y_bottom - 34
if d_y2 > y_bottom - 34: d_y2 = y_bottom - 34
dim = 1 - 0.8*(d/depth)
color = int(dim*data_2_color(fft_data[d][x]))
pygame.draw.line(screen, (color//2,color,0) if d > 0 else (0, 250, 0), (d_x1, d_y1), (d_x2, d_y2), (2 if d == 0 else 1))
# Bottom line
pygame.draw.line(screen, (0,100,0), (x_left, y_bottom - 30), (x_right, y_bottom - 30), 2)
# Station names
for st_name, freq in stations:
x_pos = fft_size*(freq - center_freq)*1000000//sample_rate
textsurface = font.render(st_name, False, (255, 255, 0))
screen.blit(textsurface, (img_size[0]//2 + x_pos - textsurface.get_width()//2, y_bottom - 22))
text_mhz = font.render("MHz", False, (255, 255, 0))
screen.blit(text_mhz, (img_size[0] - 5 - text_mhz.get_width(), y_bottom - 22))
if __name__ == "__main__":
# UI init
screen = pygame.display.set_mode(img_size)
pygame.display.set_caption(receiver_name)
pygame.font.init()
font = pygame.font.SysFont('Arial Bold', 30)
# Subscribe to UDP
clear_data()
udp_prepare()
# Main loop
is_active = True
while is_active:
# Get new data
if udp_getdata():
add_new_line()
# Update screen
screen.fill((0, 0, 0))
draw_image(screen, font)
pygame.display.flip()
# Check sys events
for events in pygame.event.get():
if events.type == QUIT:
is_active = False
sdr_receiver.grc
<?xml version='1.0' encoding='utf-8'?>
<?grc format='1' created='3.7.13'?>
<flow_graph>
<timestamp>Sun Jun 7 13:17:58 2020</timestamp>
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<value>[GRC Hier Blocks]</value>
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<value>{python} -u {filename}</value>
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<value>1.0</value>
</param>
<param>
<key>color10</key>
<value>"dark blue"</value>
</param>
<param>
<key>label10</key>
<value></value>
</param>
<param>
<key>width10</key>
<value>1</value>
</param>
<param>
<key>alpha2</key>
<value>1.0</value>
</param>
<param>
<key>color2</key>
<value>"red"</value>
</param>
<param>
<key>label2</key>
<value></value>
</param>
<param>
<key>width2</key>
<value>1</value>
</param>
<param>
<key>alpha3</key>
<value>1.0</value>
</param>
<param>
<key>color3</key>
<value>"green"</value>
</param>
<param>
<key>label3</key>
<value></value>
</param>
<param>
<key>width3</key>
<value>1</value>
</param>
<param>
<key>alpha4</key>
<value>1.0</value>
</param>
<param>
<key>color4</key>
<value>"black"</value>
</param>
<param>
<key>label4</key>
<value></value>
</param>
<param>
<key>width4</key>
<value>1</value>
</param>
<param>
<key>alpha5</key>
<value>1.0</value>
</param>
<param>
<key>color5</key>
<value>"cyan"</value>
</param>
<param>
<key>label5</key>
<value></value>
</param>
<param>
<key>width5</key>
<value>1</value>
</param>
<param>
<key>alpha6</key>
<value>1.0</value>
</param>
<param>
<key>color6</key>
<value>"magenta"</value>
</param>
<param>
<key>label6</key>
<value></value>
</param>
<param>
<key>width6</key>
<value>1</value>
</param>
<param>
<key>alpha7</key>
<value>1.0</value>
</param>
<param>
<key>color7</key>
<value>"yellow"</value>
</param>
<param>
<key>label7</key>
<value></value>
</param>
<param>
<key>width7</key>
<value>1</value>
</param>
<param>
<key>alpha8</key>
<value>1.0</value>
</param>
<param>
<key>color8</key>
<value>"dark red"</value>
</param>
<param>
<key>label8</key>
<value></value>
</param>
<param>
<key>width8</key>
<value>1</value>
</param>
<param>
<key>alpha9</key>
<value>1.0</value>
</param>
<param>
<key>color9</key>
<value>"dark green"</value>
</param>
<param>
<key>label9</key>
<value></value>
</param>
<param>
<key>width9</key>
<value>1</value>
</param>
<param>
<key>maxoutbuf</key>
<value>0</value>
</param>
<param>
<key>minoutbuf</key>
<value>0</value>
</param>
<param>
<key>name</key>
<value>""</value>
</param>
<param>
<key>nconnections</key>
<value>1</value>
</param>
<param>
<key>showports</key>
<value>True</value>
</param>
<param>
<key>freqhalf</key>
<value>True</value>
</param>
<param>
<key>tr_chan</key>
<value>0</value>
</param>
<param>
<key>tr_level</key>
<value>0.0</value>
</param>
<param>
<key>tr_mode</key>
<value>qtgui.TRIG_MODE_FREE</value>
</param>
<param>
<key>tr_tag</key>
<value>""</value>
</param>
<param>
<key>type</key>
<value>complex</value>
</param>
<param>
<key>update_time</key>
<value>0.10</value>
</param>
<param>
<key>wintype</key>
<value>firdes.WIN_BLACKMAN_hARRIS</value>
</param>
<param>
<key>label</key>
<value>Relative Gain</value>
</param>
<param>
<key>ymax</key>
<value>10</value>
</param>
<param>
<key>ymin</key>
<value>-140</value>
</param>
<param>
<key>units</key>
<value>dB</value>
</param>
</block>
<block>
<key>rtlsdr_source</key>
<param>
<key>alias</key>
<value></value>
</param>
<param>
<key>ant0</key>
<value></value>
</param>
<param>
<key>bb_gain0</key>
<value>20</value>
</param>
<param>
<key>bw0</key>
<value>0</value>
</param>
<param>
<key>dc_offset_mode0</key>
<value>0</value>
</param>
<param>
<key>corr0</key>
<value>0</value>
</param>
<param>
<key>freq0</key>
<value>102.5e6</value>
</param>
<param>
<key>gain_mode0</key>
<value>False</value>
</param>
<param>
<key>if_gain0</key>
<value>20</value>
</param>
<param>
<key>iq_balance_mode0</key>
<value>0</value>
</param>
<param>
<key>gain0</key>
<value>20</value>
</param>
<param>
<key>ant10</key>
<value></value>
</param>
<param>
<key>bb_gain10</key>
<value>20</value>
</param>
<param>
<key>bw10</key>
<value>0</value>
</param>
<param>
<key>dc_offset_mode10</key>
<value>0</value>
</param>
<param>
<key>corr10</key>
<value>0</value>
</param>
<param>
<key>freq10</key>
<value>100e6</value>
</param>
<param>
<key>gain_mode10</key>
<value>False</value>
</param>
<param>
<key>if_gain10</key>
<value>20</value>
</param>
<param>
<key>iq_balance_mode10</key>
<value>0</value>
</param>
<param>
<key>gain10</key>
<value>10</value>
</param>
<param>
<key>ant11</key>
<value></value>
</param>
<param>
<key>bb_gain11</key>
<value>20</value>
</param>
<param>
<key>bw11</key>
<value>0</value>
</param>
<param>
<key>dc_offset_mode11</key>
<value>0</value>
</param>
<param>
<key>corr11</key>
<value>0</value>
</param>
<param>
<key>freq11</key>
<value>100e6</value>
</param>
<param>
<key>gain_mode11</key>
<value>False</value>
</param>
<param>
<key>if_gain11</key>
<value>20</value>
</param>
<param>
<key>iq_balance_mode11</key>
<value>0</value>
</param>
<param>
<key>gain11</key>
<value>10</value>
</param>
<param>
<key>ant12</key>
<value></value>
</param>
<param>
<key>bb_gain12</key>
<value>20</value>
</param>
<param>
<key>bw12</key>
<value>0</value>
</param>
<param>
<key>dc_offset_mode12</key>
<value>0</value>
</param>
<param>
<key>corr12</key>
<value>0</value>
</param>
<param>
<key>freq12</key>
<value>100e6</value>
</param>
<param>
<key>gain_mode12</key>
<value>False</value>
</param>
<param>
<key>if_gain12</key>
<value>20</value>
</param>
<param>
<key>iq_balance_mode12</key>
<value>0</value>
</param>
<param>
<key>gain12</key>
<value>10</value>
</param>
<param>
<key>ant13</key>
<value></value>
</param>
<param>
<key>bb_gain13</key>
<value>20</value>
</param>
<param>
<key>bw13</key>
<value>0</value>
</param>
<param>
<key>dc_offset_mode13</key>
<value>0</value>
</param>
<param>
<key>corr13</key>
<value>0</value>
</param>
<param>
<key>freq13</key>
<value>100e6</value>
</param>
<param>
<key>gain_mode13</key>
<value>False</value>
</param>
<param>
<key>if_gain13</key>
<value>20</value>
</param>
<param>
<key>iq_balance_mode13</key>
<value>0</value>
</param>
<param>
<key>gain13</key>
<value>10</value>
</param>
<param>
<key>ant14</key>
<value></value>
</param>
<param>
<key>bb_gain14</key>
<value>20</value>
</param>
<param>
<key>bw14</key>
<value>0</value>
</param>
<param>
<key>dc_offset_mode14</key>
<value>0</value>
</param>
<param>
<key>corr14</key>
<value>0</value>
</param>
<param>
<key>freq14</key>
<value>100e6</value>
</param>
<param>
<key>gain_mode14</key>
<value>False</value>
</param>
<param>
<key>if_gain14</key>
<value>20</value>
</param>
<param>
<key>iq_balance_mode14</key>
<value>0</value>
</param>
<param>
<key>gain14</key>
<value>10</value>
</param>
<param>
<key>ant15</key>
<value></value>
</param>
<param>
<key>bb_gain15</key>
<value>20</value>
</param>
<param>
<key>bw15</key>
<value>0</value>
</param>
<param>
<key>dc_offset_mode15</key>
<value>0</value>
</param>
<param>
<key>corr15</key>
<value>0</value>
</param>
<param>
<key>freq15</key>
<value>100e6</value>
</param>
<param>
<key>gain_mode15</key>
<value>False</value>
</param>
<param>
<key>if_gain15</key>
<value>20</value>
</param>
<param>
<key>iq_balance_mode15</key>
<value>0</value>
</param>
<param>
<key>gain15</key>
<value>10</value>
</param>
<param>
<key>ant16</key>
<value></value>
</param>
<param>
<key>bb_gain16</key>
<value>20</value>
</param>
<param>
<key>bw16</key>
<value>0</value>
</param>
<param>
<key>dc_offset_mode16</key>
<value>0</value>
</param>
<param>
<key>corr16</key>
<value>0</value>
</param>
<param>
<key>freq16</key>
<value>100e6</value>
</param>
<param>
<key>gain_mode16</key>
<value>False</value>
</param>
<param>
<key>if_gain16</key>
<value>20</value>
</param>
<param>
<key>iq_balance_mode16</key>
<value>0</value>
</param>
<param>
<key>gain16</key>
<value>10</value>
</param>
<param>
<key>ant17</key>
<value></value>
</param>
<param>
<key>bb_gain17</key>
<value>20</value>
</param>
<param>
<key>bw17</key>
<value>0</value>
</param>
<param>
<key>dc_offset_mode17</key>
<value>0</value>
</param>
<param>
<key>corr17</key>
<value>0</value>
</param>
<param>
<key>freq17</key>
<value>100e6</value>
</param>
<param>
<key>gain_mode17</key>
<value>False</value>
</param>
<param>
<key>if_gain17</key>
<value>20</value>
</param>
<param>
<key>iq_balance_mode17</key>
<value>0</value>
</param>
<param>
<key>gain17</key>
<value>10</value>
</param>
<param>
<key>ant18</key>
<value></value>
</param>
<param>
<key>bb_gain18</key>
<value>20</value>
</param>
<param>
<key>bw18</key>
<value>0</value>
</param>
<param>
<key>dc_offset_mode18</key>
<value>0</value>
</param>
<param>
<key>corr18</key>
<value>0</value>
</param>
<param>
<key>freq18</key>
<value>100e6</value>
</param>
<param>
<key>gain_mode18</key>
<value>False</value>
</param>
<param>
<key>if_gain18</key>
<value>20</value>
</param>
<param>
<key>iq_balance_mode18</key>
<value>0</value>
</param>
<param>
<key>gain18</key>
<value>10</value>
</param>
<param>
<key>ant19</key>
<value></value>
</param>
<param>
<key>bb_gain19</key>
<value>20</value>
</param>
<param>
<key>bw19</key>
<value>0</value>
</param>
<param>
<key>dc_offset_mode19</key>
<value>0</value>
</param>
<param>
<key>corr19</key>
<value>0</value>
</param>
<param>
<key>freq19</key>
<value>100e6</value>
</param>
<param>
<key>gain_mode19</key>
<value>False</value>
</param>
<param>
<key>if_gain19</key>
<value>20</value>
</param>
<param>
<key>iq_balance_mode19</key>
<value>0</value>
</param>
<param>
<key>gain19</key>
<value>10</value>
</param>
<param>
<key>ant1</key>
<value></value>
</param>
<param>
<key>bb_gain1</key>
<value>20</value>
</param>
<param>
<key>bw1</key>
<value>0</value>
</param>
<param>
<key>dc_offset_mode1</key>
<value>0</value>
</param>
<param>
<key>corr1</key>
<value>0</value>
</param>
<param>
<key>freq1</key>
<value>100e6</value>
</param>
<param>
<key>gain_mode1</key>
<value>False</value>
</param>
<param>
<key>if_gain1</key>
<value>20</value>
</param>
<param>
<key>iq_balance_mode1</key>
<value>0</value>
</param>
<param>
<key>gain1</key>
<value>10</value>
</param>
<param>
<key>ant20</key>
<value></value>
</param>
<param>
<key>bb_gain20</key>
<value>20</value>
</param>
<param>
<key>bw20</key>
<value>0</value>
</param>
<param>
<key>dc_offset_mode20</key>
<value>0</value>
</param>
<param>
<key>corr20</key>
<value>0</value>
</param>
<param>
<key>freq20</key>
<value>100e6</value>
</param>
<param>
<key>gain_mode20</key>
<value>False</value>
</param>
<param>
<key>if_gain20</key>
<value>20</value>
</param>
<param>
<key>iq_balance_mode20</key>
<value>0</value>
</param>
<param>
<key>gain20</key>
<value>10</value>
</param>
<param>
<key>ant21</key>
<value></value>
</param>
<param>
<key>bb_gain21</key>
<value>20</value>
</param>
<param>
<key>bw21</key>
<value>0</value>
</param>
<param>
<key>dc_offset_mode21</key>
<value>0</value>
</param>
<param>
<key>corr21</key>
<value>0</value>
</param>
<param>
<key>freq21</key>
<value>100e6</value>
</param>
<param>
<key>gain_mode21</key>
<value>False</value>
</param>
<param>
<key>if_gain21</key>
<value>20</value>
</param>
<param>
<key>iq_balance_mode21</key>
<value>0</value>
</param>
<param>
<key>gain21</key>
<value>10</value>
</param>
<param>
<key>ant22</key>
<value></value>
</param>
<param>
<key>bb_gain22</key>
<value>20</value>
</param>
<param>
<key>bw22</key>
<value>0</value>
</param>
<param>
<key>dc_offset_mode22</key>
<value>0</value>
</param>
<param>
<key>corr22</key>
<value>0</value>
</param>
<param>
<key>freq22</key>
<value>100e6</value>
</param>
<param>
<key>gain_mode22</key>
<value>False</value>
</param>
<param>
<key>if_gain22</key>
<value>20</value>
</param>
<param>
<key>iq_balance_mode22</key>
<value>0</value>
</param>
<param>
<key>gain22</key>
<value>10</value>
</param>
<param>
<key>ant23</key>
<value></value>
</param>
<param>
<key>bb_gain23</key>
<value>20</value>
</param>
<param>
<key>bw23</key>
<value>0</value>
</param>
<param>
<key>dc_offset_mode23</key>
<value>0</value>
</param>
<param>
<key>corr23</key>
<value>0</value>
</param>
<param>
<key>freq23</key>
<value>100e6</value>
</param>
<param>
<key>gain_mode23</key>
<value>False</value>
</param>
<param>
<key>if_gain23</key>
<value>20</value>
</param>
<param>
<key>iq_balance_mode23</key>
<value>0</value>
</param>
<param>
<key>gain23</key>
<value>10</value>
</param>
<param>
<key>ant24</key>
<value></value>
</param>
<param>
<key>bb_gain24</key>
<value>20</value>
</param>
<param>
<key>bw24</key>
<value>0</value>
</param>
<param>
<key>dc_offset_mode24</key>
<value>0</value>
</param>
<param>
<key>corr24</key>
<value>0</value>
</param>
<param>
<key>freq24</key>
<value>100e6</value>
</param>
<param>
<key>gain_mode24</key>
<value>False</value>
</param>
<param>
<key>if_gain24</key>
<value>20</value>
</param>
<param>
<key>iq_balance_mode24</key>
<value>0</value>
</param>
<param>
<key>gain24</key>
<value>10</value>
</param>
<param>
<key>ant25</key>
<value></value>
</param>
<param>
<key>bb_gain25</key>
<value>20</value>
</param>
<param>
<key>bw25</key>
<value>0</value>
</param>
<param>
<key>dc_offset_mode25</key>
<value>0</value>
</param>
<param>
<key>corr25</key>
<value>0</value>
</param>
<param>
<key>freq25</key>
<value>100e6</value>
</param>
<param>
<key>gain_mode25</key>
<value>False</value>
</param>
<param>
<key>if_gain25</key>
<value>20</value>
</param>
<param>
<key>iq_balance_mode25</key>
<value>0</value>
</param>
<param>
<key>gain25</key>
<value>10</value>
</param>
<param>
<key>ant26</key>
<value></value>
</param>
<param>
<key>bb_gain26</key>
<value>20</value>
</param>
<param>
<key>bw26</key>
<value>0</value>
</param>
<param>
<key>dc_offset_mode26</key>
<value>0</value>
</param>
<param>
<key>corr26</key>
<value>0</value>
</param>
<param>
<key>freq26</key>
<value>100e6</value>
</param>
<param>
<key>gain_mode26</key>
<value>False</value>
</param>
<param>
<key>if_gain26</key>
<value>20</value>
</param>
<param>
<key>iq_balance_mode26</key>
<value>0</value>
</param>
<param>
<key>gain26</key>
<value>10</value>
</param>
<param>
<key>ant27</key>
<value></value>
</param>
<param>
<key>bb_gain27</key>
<value>20</value>
</param>
<param>
<key>bw27</key>
<value>0</value>
</param>
<param>
<key>dc_offset_mode27</key>
<value>0</value>
</param>
<param>
<key>corr27</key>
<value>0</value>
</param>
<param>
<key>freq27</key>
<value>100e6</value>
</param>
<param>
<key>gain_mode27</key>
<value>False</value>
</param>
<param>
<key>if_gain27</key>
<value>20</value>
</param>
<param>
<key>iq_balance_mode27</key>
<value>0</value>
</param>
<param>
<key>gain27</key>
<value>10</value>
</param>
<param>
<key>ant28</key>
<value></value>
</param>
<param>
<key>bb_gain28</key>
<value>20</value>
</param>
<param>
<key>bw28</key>
<value>0</value>
</param>
<param>
<key>dc_offset_mode28</key>
<value>0</value>
</param>
<param>
<key>corr28</key>
<value>0</value>
</param>
<param>
<key>freq28</key>
<value>100e6</value>
</param>
<param>
<key>gain_mode28</key>
<value>False</value>
</param>
<param>
<key>if_gain28</key>
<value>20</value>
</param>
<param>
<key>iq_balance_mode28</key>
<value>0</value>
</param>
<param>
<key>gain28</key>
<value>10</value>
</param>
<param>
<key>ant29</key>
<value></value>
</param>
<param>
<key>bb_gain29</key>
<value>20</value>
</param>
<param>
<key>bw29</key>
<value>0</value>
</param>
<param>
<key>dc_offset_mode29</key>
<value>0</value>
</param>
<param>
<key>corr29</key>
<value>0</value>
</param>
<param>
<key>freq29</key>
<value>100e6</value>
</param>
<param>
<key>gain_mode29</key>
<value>False</value>
</param>
<param>
<key>if_gain29</key>
<value>20</value>
</param>
<param>
<key>iq_balance_mode29</key>
<value>0</value>
</param>
<param>
<key>gain29</key>
<value>10</value>
</param>
<param>
<key>ant2</key>
<value></value>
</param>
<param>
<key>bb_gain2</key>
<value>20</value>
</param>
<param>
<key>bw2</key>
<value>0</value>
</param>
<param>
<key>dc_offset_mode2</key>
<value>0</value>
</param>
<param>
<key>corr2</key>
<value>0</value>
</param>
<param>
<key>freq2</key>
<value>100e6</value>
</param>
<param>
<key>gain_mode2</key>
<value>False</value>
</param>
<param>
<key>if_gain2</key>
<value>20</value>
</param>
<param>
<key>iq_balance_mode2</key>
<value>0</value>
</param>
<param>
<key>gain2</key>
<value>10</value>
</param>
<param>
<key>ant30</key>
<value></value>
</param>
<param>
<key>bb_gain30</key>
<value>20</value>
</param>
<param>
<key>bw30</key>
<value>0</value>
</param>
<param>
<key>dc_offset_mode30</key>
<value>0</value>
</param>
<param>
<key>corr30</key>
<value>0</value>
</param>
<param>
<key>freq30</key>
<value>100e6</value>
</param>
<param>
<key>gain_mode30</key>
<value>False</value>
</param>
<param>
<key>if_gain30</key>
<value>20</value>
</param>
<param>
<key>iq_balance_mode30</key>
<value>0</value>
</param>
<param>
<key>gain30</key>
<value>10</value>
</param>
<param>
<key>ant31</key>
<value></value>
</param>
<param>
<key>bb_gain31</key>
<value>20</value>
</param>
<param>
<key>bw31</key>
<value>0</value>
</param>
<param>
<key>dc_offset_mode31</key>
<value>0</value>
</param>
<param>
<key>corr31</key>
<value>0</value>
</param>
<param>
<key>freq31</key>
<value>100e6</value>
</param>
<param>
<key>gain_mode31</key>
<value>False</value>
</param>
<param>
<key>if_gain31</key>
<value>20</value>
</param>
<param>
<key>iq_balance_mode31</key>
<value>0</value>
</param>
<param>
<key>gain31</key>
<value>10</value>
</param>
<param>
<key>ant3</key>
<value></value>
</param>
<param>
<key>bb_gain3</key>
<value>20</value>
</param>
<param>
<key>bw3</key>
<value>0</value>
</param>
<param>
<key>dc_offset_mode3</key>
<value>0</value>
</param>
<param>
<key>corr3</key>
<value>0</value>
</param>
<param>
<key>freq3</key>
<value>100e6</value>
</param>
<param>
<key>gain_mode3</key>
<value>False</value>
</param>
<param>
<key>if_gain3</key>
<value>20</value>
</param>
<param>
<key>iq_balance_mode3</key>
<value>0</value>
</param>
<param>
<key>gain3</key>
<value>10</value>
</param>
<param>
<key>ant4</key>
<value></value>
</param>
<param>
<key>bb_gain4</key>
<value>20</value>
</param>
<param>
<key>bw4</key>
<value>0</value>
</param>
<param>
<key>dc_offset_mode4</key>
<value>0</value>
</param>
<param>
<key>corr4</key>
<value>0</value>
</param>
<param>
<key>freq4</key>
<value>100e6</value>
</param>
<param>
<key>gain_mode4</key>
<value>False</value>
</param>
<param>
<key>if_gain4</key>
<value>20</value>
</param>
<param>
<key>iq_balance_mode4</key>
<value>0</value>
</param>
<param>
<key>gain4</key>
<value>10</value>
</param>
<param>
<key>ant5</key>
<value></value>
</param>
<param>
<key>bb_gain5</key>
<value>20</value>
</param>
<param>
<key>bw5</key>
<value>0</value>
</param>
<param>
<key>dc_offset_mode5</key>
<value>0</value>
</param>
<param>
<key>corr5</key>
<value>0</value>
</param>
<param>
<key>freq5</key>
<value>100e6</value>
</param>
<param>
<key>gain_mode5</key>
<value>False</value>
</param>
<param>
<key>if_gain5</key>
<value>20</value>
</param>
<param>
<key>iq_balance_mode5</key>
<value>0</value>
</param>
<param>
<key>gain5</key>
<value>10</value>
</param>
<param>
<key>ant6</key>
<value></value>
</param>
<param>
<key>bb_gain6</key>
<value>20</value>
</param>
<param>
<key>bw6</key>
<value>0</value>
</param>
<param>
<key>dc_offset_mode6</key>
<value>0</value>
</param>
<param>
<key>corr6</key>
<value>0</value>
</param>
<param>
<key>freq6</key>
<value>100e6</value>
</param>
<param>
<key>gain_mode6</key>
<value>False</value>
</param>
<param>
<key>if_gain6</key>
<value>20</value>
</param>
<param>
<key>iq_balance_mode6</key>
<value>0</value>
</param>
<param>
<key>gain6</key>
<value>10</value>
</param>
<param>
<key>ant7</key>
<value></value>
</param>
<param>
<key>bb_gain7</key>
<value>20</value>
</param>
<param>
<key>bw7</key>
<value>0</value>
</param>
<param>
<key>dc_offset_mode7</key>
<value>0</value>
</param>
<param>
<key>corr7</key>
<value>0</value>
</param>
<param>
<key>freq7</key>
<value>100e6</value>
</param>
<param>
<key>gain_mode7</key>
<value>False</value>
</param>
<param>
<key>if_gain7</key>
<value>20</value>
</param>
<param>
<key>iq_balance_mode7</key>
<value>0</value>
</param>
<param>
<key>gain7</key>
<value>10</value>
</param>
<param>
<key>ant8</key>
<value></value>
</param>
<param>
<key>bb_gain8</key>
<value>20</value>
</param>
<param>
<key>bw8</key>
<value>0</value>
</param>
<param>
<key>dc_offset_mode8</key>
<value>0</value>
</param>
<param>
<key>corr8</key>
<value>0</value>
</param>
<param>
<key>freq8</key>
<value>100e6</value>
</param>
<param>
<key>gain_mode8</key>
<value>False</value>
</param>
<param>
<key>if_gain8</key>
<value>20</value>
</param>
<param>
<key>iq_balance_mode8</key>
<value>0</value>
</param>
<param>
<key>gain8</key>
<value>10</value>
</param>
<param>
<key>ant9</key>
<value></value>
</param>
<param>
<key>bb_gain9</key>
<value>20</value>
</param>
<param>
<key>bw9</key>
<value>0</value>
</param>
<param>
<key>dc_offset_mode9</key>
<value>0</value>
</param>
<param>
<key>corr9</key>
<value>0</value>
</param>
<param>
<key>freq9</key>
<value>100e6</value>
</param>
<param>
<key>gain_mode9</key>
<value>False</value>
</param>
<param>
<key>if_gain9</key>
<value>20</value>
</param>
<param>
<key>iq_balance_mode9</key>
<value>0</value>
</param>
<param>
<key>gain9</key>
<value>10</value>
</param>
<param>
<key>comment</key>
<value></value>
</param>
<param>
<key>affinity</key>
<value></value>
</param>
<param>
<key>args</key>
<value></value>
</param>
<param>
<key>_enabled</key>
<value>1</value>
</param>
<param>
<key>_coordinate</key>
<value>(16, 96)</value>
</param>
<param>
<key>_rotation</key>
<value>0</value>
</param>
<param>
<key>id</key>
<value>rtlsdr_source_0</value>
</param>
<param>
<key>maxoutbuf</key>
<value>0</value>
</param>
<param>
<key>clock_source0</key>
<value></value>
</param>
<param>
<key>time_source0</key>
<value></value>
</param>
<param>
<key>clock_source1</key>
<value></value>
</param>
<param>
<key>time_source1</key>
<value></value>
</param>
<param>
<key>clock_source2</key>
<value></value>
</param>
<param>
<key>time_source2</key>
<value></value>
</param>
<param>
<key>clock_source3</key>
<value></value>
</param>
<param>
<key>time_source3</key>
<value></value>
</param>
<param>
<key>clock_source4</key>
<value></value>
</param>
<param>
<key>time_source4</key>
<value></value>
</param>
<param>
<key>clock_source5</key>
<value></value>
</param>
<param>
<key>time_source5</key>
<value></value>
</param>
<param>
<key>clock_source6</key>
<value></value>
</param>
<param>
<key>time_source6</key>
<value></value>
</param>
<param>
<key>clock_source7</key>
<value></value>
</param>
<param>
<key>time_source7</key>
<value></value>
</param>
<param>
<key>minoutbuf</key>
<value>0</value>
</param>
<param>
<key>nchan</key>
<value>1</value>
</param>
<param>
<key>num_mboards</key>
<value>1</value>
</param>
<param>
<key>type</key>
<value>fc32</value>
</param>
<param>
<key>sample_rate</key>
<value>samp_rate</value>
</param>
<param>
<key>sync</key>
<value></value>
</param>
</block>
<connection>
<source_block_id>blocks_complex_to_mag_squared_0</source_block_id>
<sink_block_id>blocks_nlog10_ff_0</sink_block_id>
<source_key>0</source_key>
<sink_key>0</sink_key>
</connection>
<connection>
<source_block_id>blocks_nlog10_ff_0</source_block_id>
<sink_block_id>blocks_udp_sink_0</sink_block_id>
<source_key>0</source_key>
<sink_key>0</sink_key>
</connection>
<connection>
<source_block_id>blocks_stream_to_vector_0</source_block_id>
<sink_block_id>fft_vxx_0</sink_block_id>
<source_key>0</source_key>
<sink_key>0</sink_key>
</connection>
<connection>
<source_block_id>fft_vxx_0</source_block_id>
<sink_block_id>blocks_complex_to_mag_squared_0</sink_block_id>
<source_key>0</source_key>
<sink_key>0</sink_key>
</connection>
<connection>
<source_block_id>rtlsdr_source_0</source_block_id>
<sink_block_id>blocks_stream_to_vector_0</sink_block_id>
<source_key>0</source_key>
<sink_key>0</sink_key>
</connection>
<connection>
<source_block_id>rtlsdr_source_0</source_block_id>
<sink_block_id>qtgui_freq_sink_x_0</sink_block_id>
<source_key>0</source_key>
<sink_key>0</sink_key>
</connection>
</flow_graph>
As usual, I wish all the readers successful experiments.